Fiscal Policy

Narendra Modi's BJP secured just 240 seats, falling 63 short of its 2019 tally and forcing coalition dependence for the first time in a decade. The party conceded defeat in Ayodhya, site of the Ram Temple Modi inaugurated in January, while losing over half of Uttar Pradesh's 80 seats to the opposition. Modi's own Varanasi margin collapsed from 479,000 votes to 152,000. The narrow 272-seat majority signals economic concerns trumped religious appeals: unemployment and inflation outweighed Hindu-nationalist messaging. Coalition partners now hold veto power over reforms, potentially slowing policy implementation amid India's recovery.

Beijing has one powerful tool to boost consumer spending that it refuses to use: direct cash payments to households. While infrastructure spending and corporate tax cuts dominate stimulus packages, putting money directly into bank accounts would deliver immediate consumption gains but undermines the Communist Party's control over economic allocation. The political constraint explains why Chinese household consumption remains stuck at 38 percent of GDP versus 68 percent in the US.

Australia's Treasury just called for an independent review of its debt management office after initially resisting external oversight. The reversal suggests internal concerns about the office's $600bn bond issuance strategy, particularly its duration risk management during a period of yield curve volatility. Sovereign debt offices worldwide are grappling with similar challenges: how to finance growing deficits without destabilising domestic bond markets. Australia's move signals that even AAA-rated governments are questioning whether their debt strategies can handle the next economic shock.